Bachelor of Pharmacy

Bachelor's Degree by Sandip Foundation's Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Nashik View Contact

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Learn: Pharmaceutics | Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry | Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry | Pharmacognosy | Pharmaceutical Analysis | Physical Pharmacy | Pharmaceutical Microbiology | Pharmaceutical Biochemistry | Modern Dispensing Practices | Dosage Form Design | Human Anatomy | Human Physiology | Pharmaceutical Immunology | Pharmacutical Analysis | Pharmaceutical Biotechnology | Pharmacology

Category: BPharm | Pharmaceutical Sciences | Pharmacy | Internal Medicine

Medium of instruction:

English

The service as such which is observed as one of the most essential one of medical practice is always guarded and assisted by the medication services. That is depicted by pharmaceuticals and the educational setup implies the Pharmacy academia. The bachelor course is B.Pharmacy where SIPS poses in a brilliant infrastructure and seamless teaching benefits which not only teach students the syllabus but also educates value of life to construct our students in future citizens. It includes various departments like Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy. Knowledge and skills thus secured by the students make them verse to work in varied sectors of private and government domain. Pharmaceutical industry which is involved in Production , Quality Control / Quality Assurance and Marketing offers job opportunities to B. Pharm candidates. Government jobs, department of Hospital pharmacy in India and abroad are also available. The competitive exams for the state and national level can be taken up and one can enjoy as drug inspector.

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy which includes the study of formulation of a drug into a dosage form. It is a branch which imparts the knowledge required to meet the responsibilities to formulate uniform, safe and standard dosage form. It is systematic approach to get an effective & stable formulation considering all aspects required to maintain its quality. It also deals with the technology involved in large scale manufacturing of the dosage form. There are many chemicals with pharmacological properties which need special measures to help them achieve therapeutically relevant amounts at their sites of action. Pharmaceutics helps relate the formulation of drugs to their delivery and disposition in the body. Pharmaceutics involves study of different types of dosage forms, their bio-availability in different dosage forms & development of improved dosage form with greater bio-availability & improved stability. Novel drug delivery systems like Implants, Prodrugs, Controlled Drug Delivery systems, Nanoparticles reduces frequency of administration and improves onset of action of the drug. Branches of pharmaceutics include: Pharmaceutical formulations Pharmaceutical manufacturing Dispensing Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Technology Physical Pharmacy.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

The knowledge of Pharmaceutical Chemistry is very much essential for the development of potent drug molecules. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences has a good team of devoted, experienced staff members to deliver knowledge related to the fundamental and advances in the field of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Our faculty members not only teach the theoretical aspects of the subject but also provide practical exposure to the students for the overall development of the subject knowledge and expertise.

Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of drugs with living systems. It is an essential component in the study of pharmacy and is included as one of the six major areas of instructions in the pharmacy degree curriculum. Pharmacy students study pharmacology to learn the effects of various doses of medicinal substances as well as the different ways in which medicine can be introduced into the body. The effects of poisons and the means to overcome them are studied in toxicology. Generally, animal tests are required to learn the strength of drugs. Physicians know a great deal about pharmacology and toxicology; yet, as the expert about drugs, the pharmacist must maintain this knowledge to an even greater extent. This subject has a fascinating history and continues to be relevant in modern times.

Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry

Pharmacognosy, a science of the knowledge of medicinal plants is one of the important subjects in the overall curriculum of the pharmaceutical education in India. The word "Pharmacognosy" is derived from two Greek words, "pharmakon"or drug, and "gnosis" or knowledge. Thus, Pharmacognosy (chemistry and biology of natural products) is the study of bioactive natural substances found in terrestrial and marine organisms (plants, animals, or microbes). Medicinal preparations derived from natural sources, especially from plants have been in widespread use since time immemorial. In fact, plants remain the main source of medicines for a large proportion of the world’s population, particularly in the developing world like India. The Department of Pharmacognosy is responsible for teaching the subject “Pharmacognosy”. The subject Pharmacognosy is taught to pharmacy undergraduates in Second year, Third year & Final year. The lectures and practicals provide a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of the knowledge acquired in drugs of natural origin. The curriculum involves the botanical and chemical knowledge of medicinal plants and vegetable drugs; biosynthesis and accumulation of natural products; quality control of vegetable drugs; activity of medicinal plants and drugs of plant origin etc.

First Year B. Pharmacy

Semester – I

1.1.1 T Pharmaceutics- I (Theory)

Learning Objective :

On completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to :

Name of the topic and contents

1.Introduction to pharmaceutics

Introduction to pharmaceutics and its various branches like physical pharmacy, dispensing practices, formulation development, pharmaceutical engineering etc and scope of each. History of pharmacy profession and industry in India. Pharmacy code of ethics and pharmacy as career

2. Pharmacopoeia And Other Compendia

Special emphasis on IP, BP, USP including history, development and latest edition. Introduction to European Pharmacopoeia, Martindale, Merck Index, Martindale, BPC and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia,.Materia medica.

3. Alternative Systems Of Medicines

Introduction to history and general principles of ayurveda, homeopathy, siddha and unani.

4. Introduction To Drug And Dosage Forms

Definition of drug and new drug as per regulatory aspects, sources of drugs. Concept of dosage form, rationale for development of dosage form, classification of the basis of nature, routes of administration.

5. Excipients

Concept of excipients. Definitions and classification with examples. Special emphasis on colours, flavours and preservatives used in formulations.

6. Pre-Formulation

Concept of pre-formulation, aspects of bulk drug characterization, solubility and stability studies. Importance of each aspect in formulation development.

7. Solutions

Definition and types. Formulation ingredients. Types of water used in pharmaceutical solutions, Evaluation, in process control and finished Product controls. Formulation - syrups, elixirs, aromatic water, linctuses, ENT preparations and paints, mouth washes, enema

8. Concept of quality control and quality assurance

1.1.2 T Modern Dispensing Practices (Theory)

Learning Objective :

On completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to :

Name of the topic and contents

1. Meaning of compounding and dispensing

Fundamental operations in compounding and dispensing, containers, closures for dispensed products, labeling of dispensed medicines, storage and stability of medicines.

2. Prescription and its parts

Types, parts of Prescription, Responding to prescription, pricing of prescription.

3. Good Compounding And Dispensing Practices

Personnel, house keeping, building. Documentations – Introduction to prescription filling, drug profile, PMR, Purchase records, Stock records.

4. Pharmaceutical Calculations

Alligations, percentage calculations, molarity, normality, millimoles, milliequivalence calculations, Isotonic solutions, proof spirit, improvisation and dilution of dosage forms.

5. Posology

Meaning, factors affecting dose, calculation of doses for infants and children.

6. Incompatibilities In Prescription

Study of various types of incompatibilities: physical, chemical and therapeutic. Methods to remove these incompatibilities.

7. Community Pharmacy

• Organization, structure and design of retail and wholesale drug. Legal requirements for establishment and maintenance of drug stores. Drug information service, Reporting of ADR, Idiosyncratic cases, Brief introduction to Pharma-co vigilance

• Steps in Patient counseling. Patient counseling for prescription drugs, OTC and Cosmetics products. Patient counseling in diseases like Asthma, Tuberculosis, Hypertension, Diabetes

• Role of pharmacists in community healthcare and education; Family planning, HIV/AIDS, Vaccination .Introduction to concepts of Self-medication, Rational drug use

1.1.3 T Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (Theory)

Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of theory topics and laboratory experiments, the learner should be able to:

Topics:

1.Introduction to pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry, Different Pharmacopoeia and contents of individual monographs. Indian Pharmacopoeia – History and detail study of different volumes along with general notices, new inclusion/exclusion of compound monograph.

2.Sources of contamination in pharmaceuticals and methods to control:

Various limit tests including chloride, sulphate, arsenic, lead, iron and heavy metals as per IP. Limits of insoluble matter, soluble matter, non-volatile matter, residue on ignition and ash values. Qualitative tests for alkali and alkaline earth metals.

3.Water:

Water as universal pharmaceutical vehicle. Hardness of water, methods to remove hardness of water, different official waters and official control tests for water.

4.Gastrointestinal agents:

Acidifying agents:

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Antacids: Classification of antacids, Aluminium Hydroxide Gel, Aluminium Phosphate, Basic Aluminium carbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Combination of Antacids.

Protectives and adsorbents: Bismuth compounds, bismuthsubcarbonate, Kaolin, Activated charcoal, pectin. Saline cathartics: Sodium phosphate, Sodium potassium tartarate, Magnesium carbonate, magnesium sulphate.

5.Electrolytes:

Extra and intracellular ions: Chlorides, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Na, K, Ca, Mg. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, Calculation of mEq/l, mOsmol/l of electrolytes, physiological acid base balance. Electrolyte used in acid-base therapy, Electrolytes combination therapy. Sodium chloride injection, Ringer solution lactated, Ringer injections, sodium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, ammonium chloride, oral rehydration salts.

6.Essential and trace elements:

Absorption, distribution, physiological role. Official compound of Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Fe: Ferrous sulfate, Iron sorbitex injection, ferric ammonium citrate, ferric chloride, Cu: Copper sulfate, Iodine, Potassium iodide, Sodium iodide, Zn-Zinc sulphate.

7.Topical agents:

General introduction and mode of action

Protectives: Talc, zinc oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate, Titanium dioxide, aluminum compounds.

Antimicrobials and astringents: Hydrogen peroxide solution, Sodium perborate, Zinc peroxide, Potassium permanganate, Sodium hypochlorite, Iodine solution, Boric acid, Selenium sulfide, Zinc sulfate.

8.Dental products:

Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents.

9.Gases and vapours:

Important inorganic gases used in Pharmacy Oxygen, Nitrogen, Nitrous oxide ,Carbon dioxide, Helium, Ammonia and their compounds as per I.P.

10.Miscellaneous agents:

Expectorants: Ammonium chloride, potassium iodide

Radioopaque medium: Barium sulphate

Antidotes: sodium nitrite, Sodium thiosulphate

Antidepressant: Lithium carbonate

Cytotoxic agents: Cisplatin

1.1.4 T Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry (Theory)

Learning objectives: on completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to:

Topics

1.Basic principles and concepts of organic chemistry:

Atomic and molecular orbitals, hybridization of atomic orbitals of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen to form molecular orbitals, covalent bond, electro negativity, bond fission, hydrogen bonding, theory of reaction mechanism, bond energy, inductive effect, steric effect, electromeric, mesomeric effect and resonance, hyperconjugation, concept of tautomerism and types

2.Classification of organic compounds on the basis of functional group and elemental composition as

• Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only : hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, aryl-alkyl hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons)

• Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms only (alcohols, phenols, ethers and epoxides, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides)

• Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen atoms only ( amines and imine, nitriles, hydrazines, nitro compounds)

• Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and halogens with oxygen (alkyl halides, aryl halides, acyl halides)

• Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms only (amides , imides, aldoxime and ketoxime)

• Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and sulphur with/without nitrogen, oxygen and halogen. Sulphonic acids, sulphonylhalides

• At least five mono-functional examples of each class including aromatic and aliphatic compounds should be covered with their common names)

• IUPAC nomenclature of all classes of compounds; nomenclature of mono- substituted and poly-substituted compounds should be covered. (Recent rules of IUPAC should be referred).

3. Structure-property relationship:

Dipole moment, polarity of molecules, intermolecular and intramolecular forces of attraction (hydrogen bonding, van der waal’s), and effects of these on physical properties of molecules as physical state, physical constant (melting point and boiling point), and solubility.

Isomerism

i. Introduction to principles of stereochemistry: enantiomerism and diastereomerism, meso-compounds, assigning configurations (R and S ), geometric isomerism (cis, trans, Z and E)

4.Classes of reactions and classes of reagents including electrophiles, nucleophiles and radicals.

5.Reaction intermediates – carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, free radicals, nitrene and nitrenium ions.

6.Acidity and basicity, application of inductive, steric, hyperconjugation and resonance effects on acidity and basicity.

7.Alkanes: Properties and reactions of alkanes, mechanism and kinetics of halogenation.

8.Alkenes And Alkynes: Preparation and reactions, E1, E2 and E1cB elimination–mechanism and stereochemistry, Saytzeff and Hoffman rules. Addition Reaction of Alkenes – Mechanism, regioselectivity (Markonikov & anti markonikov) in addition of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halide, halohydrin formation, oxymercuration–demercuration, hydroboration–oxidation, hydroxylation, allylic substitution (using NBS) and ozonolysis. Conjugated Dienes–Structure, electrophilic addition of dienes: 1, 2 & 1, 4 – addition, Diels – Alder reaction. Alkynes: General methods of preparation and reactions.

9.Benzene And Aromaticity: Huckel rules, resonance in benzene and derivatives. Mechanism of Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Halogenation, Nitration sulphonation and Friedel Crafts reaction, orientation and reactivity in monosubstituted benzene. Mechanism of nueleophilic aromatic substitution. Addition – elimination and elimination – addition (reactions involving benzyne intermediates)

1.1.5 T Human Anatomy & Physiology –I (Theory)

Learning objectives: On completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to:

Name Of The Topic And Contents

1.Introduction:

Definition and scope of anatomy, physiology and related topics. Basic terminologies used in anatomy and physiology.

Functional organization of human body and control of the “Internal Environment”.

2.Cell and Tissues:

Structure of cell, its components and their functions.Genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function and cell reproduction. Structure and functions of plasma membrane. Various transport mechanisms across membrane. Structure, functions, characterization and subtypes of following class of tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous tissues

3.Muscular system:

Anatomy & physiology of skeletal & smooth muscle, neurotransmission, Excitation and contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle, energy metabolism and muscle tone.

4.The Blood Cell, Immunity and Blood Coagulation:

Composition and functions of blood.

Nature, types and function of plasma proteins.

Red Blood Cell, Anemia and Polycythemia

Resistance of the body to infections….

i) WBCs and Inflammation ii) Immunity and Allergy Innate immunity.

Blood types: Transfusion, Tissue and organ transplantation.

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation.

5.Lymph and lymphatic system:

Composition, formation, circulation and functions of lymph.

Structure of lymph node.

Anatomy, physiology and functions of spleen.

Disorders of lymphatic system.

6.Cardiovascular system:

Anatomy of heart and blood vessels.

Cardic muscle, the heart as pump and function of heart valves.(cardiac cycle and ECG)

Rhythmical excitation of heart.

Circulation (pulmonary, coronary, systemic and portal).

Blood pressure (cardic output, venous return and their regulation).

Renin- angiotensin- aldosternon system.

Disorders of cardiovascular system - hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, circulatory shock and cardiac arrhythmias (definitions only).

7.Digestive system:

Anatomy and physiology of different parts of digestive system (salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine).

Secretary functions of alimentary tract.

Neuro humoral control of digestive tract.

Disorders of digestive system (definitions only)

8.Health Education:

WHO Definition of health and health promotion.

Family planning: different devices for family planning

Classification of food requirements: Balanced diet, nutritional deficiency disorders, their treatment and prevention.

1.1.6 T Communication And Soft Skill Development (Theory)

Learning Objective:

On completion of following theory topics learner should be able to:

Name Of The Topic And Contents

1.Introduction On Language And Communication:

Meaning and importance of communication, Objectives of Communication. Need for Communication. Types of communication. Written & Verbal communication. Formal and informal communication (The grapevine), upward and downward communication. Non?Verbal, Body Language and Graphic Language. Barriers to effective communication and how to overcome them; brevity, clarity and appropriateness in communication.

2.Channels Of Communication:

Language as a tool for communication. Developing effective messages: Thinking about purpose, knowing the audience, structuring the message, selecting proper channels, minimizing barriers & facilitating feedback.

3.Writing:

Selecting material for expository, descriptive , and argumentative pieces, business letters; formal report; summarizing and abstracting ; expressing ideas within a restricted word limit; paragraph division; the introduction and the conclusion; listing reference material; use of charts, graphs and tables ; punctuation and spelling; semantics of connectives,

modifiers and modals; variety in sentences and paragraphs. Preparing Agenda and writing minutes for meetings, Case writing and Documentation

4.Technical Communication:

Nature, Origin and Development. Salient features. Scope & Significance. Forms of Technical Communication. Difference between Technical Communication & General writing. Objective Style vs. Literary Composition.

5.Business Communication:

Importance of written business correspondence. General principles and essentials of good commercial correspondence. Different types of commercial correspondence & their drafting. Types of Business letters. Official letters, electronic communication process.

6.Career Skills:

Interview skills, Applying for job, Cover letters, Resume

and Effective Profiling, group discussion, letter writing, e?mail writing and email etiquettes.

7.Formal Written Skills:

Report writing – preparing rough draft, editing and preparing final report, Office Drafting: Circular, Notice, and Memo. Business correspondence: Enquiry, Order letter, Complaint letter, and Adjustment letter. Defining, Describing Objects & Giving Instructions.

8.Introduction To Phonetics:

Introduction to Vowels and Consonants and associated Phonetic symbols. Introduction to Accent, Intonation and Rhythm.

9.Soft Skills:

Empathy (Understanding of someone else point?s of view) Intrapersonal skills, Interpersonal skills, Problem solving, Reflective thinking, Critical thinking, Negotiation skills, emotional intelligence.

10.Modern Technology and Communication:

Globalization of Business, Role of Information Technology. Tele?communication. Internet. Teleconferencing and Video?conferencing.

Semester – II

1.2.1 T Pharmaceutics- II (Theory)

Learning Objective:

On completion of following theory topics, learner should be able to :

Name Of The Topic And Contents

1.Packaging technology

Concept of pack, primary and secondary pack. Types of packaging materials. Unit dose packaging. Packaging of liquid, powders, tablets and semisolid dosage forms. Closures. Evaluation of containers and closures of non sterile formulations as per pharmacopoeia.

2.Filtration and clarification

Definition and applications of filtration, Factors affecting rate of filtration, types of filter media used, filter aids, filter press, leaf filter, rotary filter & hydro extractors. Clarification and its techniques.

3.Size Reduction

Importance in pharmacy, factors affecting size reduction Grinding mills of various types like Hammer mill, Multi mill, Ball mill, Edge and end runner mill, Fluid energy mill, colloidal mill

4.Particle Size Analysis And Size Separation

Importance and methods of measurement of particle size. Pharmaceutical significance of size separation. Standards of sieves as per official books, Powder gradation, size distribution methods, techniques and equipments for size separation.

5.Basis Of Bio Pharmaceutics

Bioavailability and bioequivalence. Concepts and mechanisms related to absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

6.Introduction To Good Manufacturing Practices

7.Mixing

Mixing of liquids, Equipments used in manufacturing & packing of oral solution, liquid mixing- mechanism of mixing, Impeller, Propeller mixers, Paddle mixer, baffles, prevention of aeration & foam. Mixing of powders. Mechanism of powder mixing, factors affecting mixing, sigma & ribbon blender, paddle mixer, tumbler mixers , planetary mixer

8.Pharmaceutical Plant Layout Designing

Various department in pharmaceutical manufacturing unit. Flow chart and layout of liquid manufacturing and packaging section

1.2.2 T Dosage Form Design (Theory)

Learning Objective:

On completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to :

Name Of The Topic And Contents

1.Concept Of Dosage Form Design.

Conventional dosage forms with examples. Introduction to novel drug delivery systems. Concept of modified release and targeted drug delivery system.

2.Powders And Granules

Types of powders as dosage forms. Properties of powders. Importance and measurement of flow properties. Methods of mixing. Evaluation of powders. Formulation aspects of talcum powder and tooth powder. Importance and methods of granulation. Effervescent granules.

3.Emulsions

Definition and types, theories of emulsions, formulation aspects, emulsifying agents, HLB and RHLB system, stability and evaluation of emulsions, introduction to microemulsions and self-emulsifying drug delivery system

4.Suspensions

Definition and types. Stability of suspensions and factors affecting the same. Suspending agents. Suspensions containing poorly wettable solids, suspensions of precipitate forming liquids. Dry suspensions for reconstitution. Evaluation of suspensions

5.Semisolid Dosage Forms

Definitions and types. Formulation and evaluation aspects of ointments, creams, pastes, jellies and suppositories.

6.Radiopharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Concept and units of radioactivity, manufacturing and quality control aspects of radiopharmaceutical dosage forms, therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

7.Dissolution And Solubility

Concept and expression of solubility and dissolutions. Concept and mechanism of dissolution. Factors affecting solubility and rate of dissolution. Methods of solubility enhancement.

1.2.3 T Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II (Theory)

Learning Object:

0n completion of following theory topic and laboratory experiment learner should able to.

Topics

1.Aldehydes and Ketones:

Common and IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, mechanism of nucleophilic addition and condensation reactions; reactivity of aldehydes and ketones to nucleophilic addition, Acetal, amine, oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones, enamine – preparation and uses. Addition of Grignard Reagents and hydrides, MPV reduction, Oppenaur oxidation, Aldol condensation, Cannizzarro?s reaction, Reformatsky reaction, Perkin reaction, Knoevenagel reaction, Haloform reaction and Mannich reaction.

2.Phenols:

Nomenclature, properties, methods of preparation and general reactions.

3.Sulphonic acids:

Preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

4.Alcohols and Ethers:

Common and IUPAC nomenclature, properties, methods of preparation, types and general reactions.

5.Amines:

Common and IUPAC nomenclature, chemistry of amines, separation of amines, methods of preparation, types, general reactions, preparation and use of diazonium salts.

6.Cyanides and isocyanides:

Structure, nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

7.Esters and Amides:

Mechanism of Claisen and Dieckmann reactions, use of acetoacetic ester and malonic ester in synthesis. Unsaturated compounds: Michael addition and addition of Grignard reagents. Ammonolysis of esters.

8.Alkyl Halides:

Methods of preparation, general reactions, kinetics, mechanism and stereochemistry of SN1, SN2 and SNi reactions, factors affecting nucleophilic substitution reactions, SubstitutionVs Elimination .

9.Carboxylic Acids (aromatic & aliphatic):

Common and IUPAC nomenclature, properties, methods of preparation & reactions. Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids – Acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters & amides – IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation and reactions (along with mechanism), dicarboxylic acid.

1.2.4 T Human Anatomy & Physiology –II (Theory)

Learning objectives: on completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to:

Name Of The Topic And Contents

1.Nervous System:

i) Central Nervous System: Organization and functions of nervous system. Fundamentals of neurotransmitters, processes of neuroconduction and neurotransmission.

Anatomy and physiology of brain (cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, thalamus, hypothalamus, and functional areas of cerebrum), extra pyramidal system, limbic system, Spinal cord (structure and reflexes), cranial nerves (names and functions).

ii) Autonomous Nervous System: general organization of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, autonomic reflexes, disorders of nervous system (definitions only)

2.Special Sense Organs:

Anatomy and physiology of ear, eye, tongue, nose and skin.

3.Respiratory System:

Pulmonary ventilation, anatomy and functions of respiratory organs, mechanism and control of respiration, transport and exchange of gases, vital capacity, respiratory volumes and their clinical significance and disorders of respiratory system (definitions only)

4.Urinary System:

The body fluid compartments, anatomy and physiology of urinary system, Mechanism of urine formation, importance of renin-angiotensin system, acid base, electrolyte and water balance, renal clearance tests, physiology of micturition, disorders of urinary system (definitions only)

5.Endocrine System:

Anatomy and physiology of endocrine glands, regulation and functions of endocrine hormones-neurohumoral control, disorders of endocrine system (definitions only)

6.Reproductive System:

Structure, function and location of the organs of male and female reproductive systems, major events of female reproductive cycle, process of spermatogenesis, oogenesis and follicular development, physiology of breast development and lactation

1.2.5 T Pharmacognosy (Theory)

Learning objectives: on completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to:

Name Of The Topic And Contents

1.Biology & Pharmaceutical Sciences:

Introduction to important branches of biology, under-disciplinary subjects, applied biology, applied botany (economic botany); relevance of biology to Pharmaceutical sciences.

2.Principles of Genetics:

History of structure of DNA, DNA structure, replication & transcription, genetic code, RNA translation, protein structure & function, molecular basis of hereditary, Mendelian genetics.

3.Plant Cell & Cell Division:

Structure of cell & functions of component; ergastic cell contents (secretory, excretory products & reserve materials); Cell division (mitosis & meiosis).

4.Cell Differentiation & Plant Tissues:

Meristematic & permanent tissues; types, structure & functions of permanent tissues & tissue systems; primary & secondary growth.

5.Plant Description, Morphology & Anatomy:

Leaves & tops (herbs), barks, wood, leaves/leaflets, inflorescences & flowers, fruits, seeds, subterranean organs, unorganized drugs.

6.Plant Physiology: Mode Of Nutrition:

Autotrophic, heterotropic, saprophytic, parasitic; Photosynthesis & chemosynthesis; significance, site & pathways involved in photosynthesis; plant growth regulators (phytohormones) auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid.

7.Plant Taxonomy:

Need of classification, historical account of contribution to botanical systems of classification, artificial & natural methods of classification, divisions of plant kingdom, binomial nomenclature.

8.Ecology and Environment:

Ecosystems: types, dynamics, degradation, ecological succession; food chains and energy flow; vegetation types of the world, pollution and global warming, speciation and extinction, conservation strategies, phytoremediation, overview of significance of Western Ghat biodiversity & factors responsible for rapid degradation of habitats of Western Ghats.

9.Application Of Genetics To Crop Improvements:

Hybridization & Mutation/Polyploidy breeding.

10.Introduction to Pharmacognosy:

Definition, history, development, status, scope & significance; Crude drugs: definition & classification.

1.2.6 T Pharmaceutical Analysis I (Theory)

1.Learning objectives: on completion of following theory topics & laboratory experiments, learner should be able to:

Topics

1.Introduction to Analytical Chemistry-

Review of fundamental aspects- qualitative, quantitative analysis, Types of quantitative analysis, Normality, Molarity, Molality, Mole fraction, Molecular weight, Equivalent weight, Expression of concentration and strength of solution, Primary and secondary standards.

2.Introduction to Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data

Accuracy and precision, errors and their types, significant figures, standard deviation, confidence limit, test of significance, rejection of a result, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination.

3.Acid Base Titration

Theories, acid - base equilibria in water, the pH scale, distribution of acid- base species with pH, weak acids & bases, salts of weak acids & bases, buffers, polyprotic acids and their salts. Acid base titration curves for strong acid-strong base titration, weak acid-strong base titration, weak base - strong acid titration, titration of polyfunctional acids and bases, acid - base indicators, titration of amino acid.

4.Non-aqueous Acid Base Titration

Dissociating and non-dissociating solvents, acid - base character, leveling and differentiating effects, solvents, titrants & indicators used in determination of acids & bases.

5.Precipitation Reactions and Titration

Solubility of slightly soluble salts, solubility product, effect of pH, temperature and solvent on solubility of salts, common ion effect, calculation of titration curves, indicators used, argentometric titration and titration involving ammonium and potassium thiocyanate, Mohr?s method, Volhard?s method and Fajan?s method.

6.Complexometric Reactions and Titration

Complexes and stability constants, chelates, metal-EDTA titration curves, metal indicators, types of complexometric titration.

7.Oxidation - Reduction Reactions and Titration

Half reactions, Nernst equation, redox equivalent weights, redox indicators, titration with potassium permanganate, ceriometry, potassium dichromate, iodine, periodic acid, potassium bromate Titration, Sodium Nitrite Titration, Titanious Chloride Titration.

8.Gravimetric Methods

Principles, formation and properties of precipitates, Unit operations in gravimetry, organic precipitants.

Second Year B.Pharmacy

2.1 (T) Physical Pharmacy

Section-I

1.Intermolecular Forces and gaseous state of matter:

Binding forces between molecular gaseous state, Deviation from gas theory, Compressibility factor, Vander Waal equation for real gases, correction for pressure and volume, Law of Corresponding state,(only equation) critical constant and their determination, Liquefaction of gases: Linde’s process, Claude’s process, application of liquefaction to Aerosols i.e. principle of aerosols, 2 phase and 3 phase Systems.

2.Phase Rule:

Gibbs phase rule, one component (Water), two components, and three components system.

3.Solid State:

Crystallization, factors affecting crystallization, crystal size, Methods of crystal analysis: X-Ray Diffraction, Bragg’s Method and powder method; Polymorphism: Definition, Different shape of polymorphs, Example and its application to pharmacy, Mention Detection techniques. Glass transition temperature and thermodynamic principles involved.

Note: Problems only using Bragg’s Equation to calculate ‘d’ and ‘n’

4.Colloids:

Introduction and types, optical, kinetic and electrical properties of colloids, Protective colloids, stabilization of colloidal system, DLVO theory, Schulz Hardy rule, Hoffemeister series, Application in pharmacy. Importance of thermodynamic principles in solubilization

5.Solution of Non-electrolytes and Electrolytes:

Properties and types of solutions, ideal and real solutions, various concentration terms, Raoult’s law and it’s deviations, boiling point and boiling point diagram, Colligative properties: elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure, problems involving molecular weight determinations, Solution of electrolytes: equivalent and specific conductance, conductometric titration, Arrhenius theory, Debye Huckel Theory, Colligative properties of electrolytes.

6.Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon:

Solute solvent interactions, Solubility of Gases in liquids, liquid in liquids and solids in liquids, factors affecting solubility, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes, solubility of weak electrolytes, influence of pH, solvents, solubility parameter and combined effect of pH and Solvents, Distribution phenomenon: Nerst distribution law and its limitations, Effect of ionic dissociation and association, application in Pharmacy. Solubility parameter and BCS classification. Solubility and thermodynamic principles (No derivation required)

Section-II

1.Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon:

Surface and interfacial tension, Surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid- interfaces, surfactants (Types, HLB scale and its applications including wetting, foaming anti-foaming, and micellar solubilization), soluble monolayer and Gibbs equation, insoluble monolayer and film balance, adsorption at solid interfaces, adsorption isotherms, (Langmuir and Freundlich), Measurement of surface free area, Electrical Properties of interfaces: Nerst and Zeta Potential., Electrical double layer.

2.Rheology:

Fundamentals of rheology, Types of flow, quantitative measurement of flow, Methods of viscosity measurements, mechanical model to illustrate flow on viscoelastisity, thixotropy, measurement of thixotropy in formulation, rheology of disperse system, pharmaceutical application of rheology.

3.Chemical Kinetics and Stability:

Reaction theories, rate, order and molecularity, mathematical treatment of zero, first and second order, complex reaction: reversible, parallel and side reactions, steady state and rate determining step, determination of order, Effect of temperature, Arrhenius equation and energy of activation, meaning of stability of pharmaceuticals, kinetic aspects of chemical degradation of drugs, understanding of statistical aspect of expiry period, degradation pathways, physical & chemical instability & evaluation methods, Accelerated stability studies.

4.Micromeritics:

Introduction and pharmaceutical importance, particle size and distribution, particle shape, particle volume, particle number, surface area, methods for determining particle size, particle volume measurement, specific surface, method for determining surface area, derived properties of powder: porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness, flow properties of powder, angle of repose, factors affecting flow of powder.

5.Diffusion and dissolution:

Steady state diffusion: Fick’s laws of diffusion, steady state, concept and importance of dissolution, USP dissolution test. Dissolution model like Hixson Crowell, Higuchi model, Korsemeyer-Peppas etc. Drug release modeling through polymer matrix & laminates.

2.2 (T) Pharmaceutical Microbiology& Immunology

Section-I

1.Introduction to Microbiology:

Scope and applications to pharmaceuticals, Whittaker’s five kingdom concept, classification of microbes into bacteria, rickettsia, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses. Historical developments- contributions of Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich.

2.Microscopy:

Principle and applications of compound, Dark- field, phase contrast and fluorescence microscope. Different parts of compound microscope, resolving power, magnification power, numerical aperture and working distance. Electron microscopy-SEM and TEM

3. Biology of microorganisms:

a) Bacteria: Size, shape, structure, cell wall, capsules, spores, flagella and other parts of bacteria. Reproduction, growth, growth requirements, growth curve, culture media, measurements of bacterial growth, counting methods, colony characteristics, methods for isolations. Identification and preservation of microbial cultures. Characteristics of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Escherichia’.

b) Yeasts and moulds: Introduction, characteristics and applications of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Penicillium and Aspergillus. Dermatophytes.

c) Rickettsia: Introduction and study of disease causing Rickettsia.

d) Actinomycetes: Isolation, identification and importance in antibiotic production.

e) Viruses: Introduction, general properties, structure, bacteriophage- lytic growth cycle and lysogeny. Human viruses - cultivation and multiplication. Introduction to tumor and Human Immunodeficiency virus.

4.Microbial Spoilage and Preservation of pharmaceutical products:

Types of microbial spoilage, Factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products, Sources and types of microbial contamination, Microbial standards for non-sterile pharmaceuticals, Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage, Microbial limit tests, Preservative efficacy test: challenge test

Section-II

5.Sterilization:

Different methods - dry heat, moist heat, gaseous, radiation and filtration. Sterilization monitors, D-value, Z-value., Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products as per I.P

6.Disinfections:

Chemical classification of different disinfectants, dynamics and factors affecting on disinfectant action and selection of disinfectants, methods used for evaluation of disinfectant, Phenol coefficient test.

7.Aseptic Techniques:

Designing of aseptic area, sources of contamination in aseptic area, and methods of prevention, laminar air flow.

8.Microbial assays:

Importance, assay of antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin) and Vitamin B12. MIC.

9.Immunology:

a) Fundamentals of Immunology:

Microbial flora, host-microbe interactions, microbial virulence, exotoxins, endotoxins. Defense mechanisms of host – specific and nonspecific. Types of Immunity. Immune response, antigens, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies-production and applications.

b) Antigen - Antibody reactions:

Introduction, precipitation, agglutation, compliment fixation, neutralization reactions, immunofluorescence and ELISA and other tests.

c) Hypersensitivity reactions:

Introduction, Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity, type I, II, III, IV hypersensitivity

d) Preparation of vaccines and sera:

Introduction, manufacturing and quality control. Preparation of vaccines (BCG, TAB, DPT, Polio, MMR and Rabies), toxoids (Tetanus and Diphtheria) and sera (antibacterial, antiviral, antitoxin and antivenum). Preparation of allergic extracts and diagnostics.

2.3 (T) Pharmaceutical Biochemistry

Section-I

1.Introduction to Biochemistry:

Scope of the subject in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemical reactions, Highlights of Prokaryotic and eucaryotic cell metabolism.

2.Biochemical Morphology: Prokaryotes, cell structure sub cellular

components: Nucleus and Plasma membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria.

3.Biomembranes:

Structure and composition, model proposed, function and properties of membrane, transport hypothesis: Active and Passive, facilitated transport, Na+, K+, H+ pumps. Glucose transport, excitable membrane.

4.Biomolecules:

Proteins: Introduction, functional classification. Amino acids: Classification, Physicochemical properties, optical activity, reaction with ninhydrin, formaldehyde, R-group amino acids. Essential, non-essential amino acids, deficiency. Structure: Peptide bond, end group analysis. α Helix, β sheet structure. Tertiary, Quaternary structure, Globular Protein, Fibrous protein, and medicinally important amino acids.

Carbohydrates: Complex carbohydrates, Structure of chitin, starch glycogen.

Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions, Types of fatty acids and its biological role.

5.Enzymes:

Introduction, Classification, (according to the reaction catalysis and sources) Structure of enzymes, co-factor, active sites Km, Vmax, Double reciprocal plot, effect of active substrates, pH ionic strength, conc., temperature on rate of enzymes reactions. Enzyme inhibition (Competitive, Non-competitive, irreversible). Concept of antimetabolites. Manufacturing of medicinal compounds by enzymatic reactions. Penicillin acylase for the production of 6-APA acid. Therapeutic uses of enzymes.

6.Metabolism:

Bioenergetics: Concept of free energy, standard free energy, high energy, biological compounds, ATP Phosphorylation, Carbohydrate metabolism. Anaerobic pathways of glucose metabolism, two phases of glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation, energy balance, glucogenesis, homeostasis of blood, Pentose Phosphate pathways: Significance and role in RBC. Citric acid cycle: Aerobic pathway of glucose metabolism, TCA cycle. Lipid metabolism: Oxidation of fatty acids, formation of ketone bodies, biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, HDLP, LDLP, Clinical significance. Protein metabolism: Importance of protein in diet. Digestion of proteins, oxidative degradation of amino acids, Transamination, urea formation, Catabolism of various keto acids formed during oxidative amination of amino acids. (Structures are not required.). Biosynthesis of one aromatic amino acid and aliphatic amino acid, metabolism of purine, pyrimidine, porphyrins.

Section-II

7.Nucleic acids:

Chemical composition, as genetic material nucleosides, structure, biochemical function, replication, flow of genetic information, transcription, translation, genetic code, gene, genome gene expression, genetic disorder DNA recombination.

8.Nutrition:

Concept of balanced diet, principle nutrients, nutritional diseases, role of crude fiber, Energy metabolism: BMR.

9.Vitamins:

Structure and biochemical function of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

10 Acid-base balance and mineral metabolism:

Concept of body fluids, regulation of electrolyte, acid-base balance. Mineral metabolism of calcium, iron and iodine.

11 Clinical Biochemistry

11.1 Laboratory management, record keeping, collection and preservation of

sample. Handling of hazardous samples, chemicals. Common instruments of clinical laboratory.

11.2 Different terms to express clinical values, protein, enzyme, hormones, minerals, pH etc. Limits of different clinically important substances

11.3 Liver function Test.

11.4 Kidney Function Test.

11.5 Genetic disorders of carbohydrate, fat protein and nucleic acid metabolism.

11.6 Advance diagnostic techniques PCR, Radio immuno assay, ELISA, DNA finger print, Immunofluorescence, biosensors such as glucometer etc..

11.7 Marker enzymes and their diagnostic applications like lactate dehydrogenase, acetycholinestrase, phosphatase, amylase etc.

2.4 (T) Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry–II

Section-I

1.Stereochemistry:

Geometrical isomerism, E & Z nomenclature, optical isomerism, chirality, Diastereomerism, R & S nomenclatures, Fischer representation, Resolution of Racemic modification. Conformational isomerism, Newman and Sawhorse representation, conformational isomerism in ethane and n-butane, conformations of cyclohexane, monoalkyl and dialkyl cyclohexanes, conformation in decalin. Conformation and chemical reactivity and the use of these in configuration as illustrated by reactions in ring A of steroids, additions, eliminations, epoxide opening, reduction of Ketones, relative rate of esterification and oxidation of epimeric alcohol. Atropisomerism in ortho substituted Biphenyls and allenes, Stereo selective and stereo specific reactions.

2.Chemistry Of Carbohydrates:

Introduction, Classification and reactions of C5 and C6 sugars and cyclic structures/glycosides. Mutarotation, Establishment of structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch by chemical methods.

3.Chemistry Of Amino Acids:

Methods of peptide synthesis- solution and solid phase peptide synthesis (up to pentapeptide), Structure of natural amino acids, isoelectric point. Methods of preparation of amino acids. Peptide bonds, structures of some biologically and medicinally important simple peptides.

4.Introduction To Combinatorial Chemistry:

History, Multiple Parallel Synthesis, Chemistry and equipments, Mixture synthesis Strategies including solid supported synthesis, Deconvolution methods.

Section-II

5.Organic Synthesis By Retro Synthesis:

Introduction to common terms. Disconnections involving one and two functional groups, Rules of disconnection, The retro-synthesis of following drugs be covered: Ibuprofen, Propranolol, Losartan, Ciprofloxacin and Sulfamethoxazole.

6.Molecular Rearrangement Reactions:

Rearrangement of electron deficient systems, migration to oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, Mechanism and stereochemistry of Bayer-Villiger and Dakin oxidations, Wagner, Merewin rearrangements, Wolf and related rearrangements, Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement, Beckman, Curtius, Lossen, Hoffman and Schmidts rearrangements. Rearrangements of electron rich system inclusive of Stevens’ Witting. Sommlet, Favoroski, Neber and Benzilic acid rearrangement. Willgerodt reaction, Cope rearrangement. Rearrangement to aromatic nucleus including mechanism of Fries, Claisen and N-Halormide rearrangement..

7.Chemistry Of Heterocyclic Compounds:

Structures and numbering and corresponding drugs of the following Heterocyclic compounds: furan, thiophene, pyrroie, pyrazole, thiazole, imidazole, oxazole, isoxa/ole, hydantoin, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, indole, benzyl furan, benzylthiazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, cinnoline, purine, xanthine, pteridine, Coumarin; Synthesis and Reaction of following compounds: furan, thiophene, pyrrole, indole imidazole, thiazole, pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline

2.5 (T) Pharmacutical Analysis-I

Section-I

1.Aqueous Acid Base Titration:

Acid base equilibria, Definition of acid and base, Acid-base dissociation constants for strong acid and base, weak acids and bases. Theory of buffer solutions, buffer index, preparation of standard solutions, acid base titration, titration curves theory of acid base indicators, Chemical Classification of indicators Non- aqueous titrations: Theoretical considerations, limitations, solvents and their Properties, titration of weak acids and bases, indicators in non-aqueous titrations, Pharmaceutical application according to official books as per I.P. and B.P.

2.Oxidation Reduction Titration:

Theory of redox titration, redox reactions, redox curves, redox indicators, permanganate, iodine, cerriometric titrations, cerric ammonium, Nitrate and Sulfate, Potassium Bromate, Potassium Ioided titrations, Sodium Nitrate titrations Assay of Sulphanilamide. Titanous chloride titrations. Pharmaceutical applications as per official books.

3.Polarimetry:

Theory of optical activity, Polarization of light, measurement & production of polarized light, specific & molecular rotation; Linear, Circular and elliptically polarized light, Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD), Circular Dihroism (CD), Cotton Effect (CE), applications of ORD & CD, Instrumentation, Polarimeter & applications

4.Conductometry:

Introduction, measurement of conductivity, conductivity apparatus, conductometric titrations, applications of conductometric titrations & high frequency titrations

Section-II

5.pH and Potentiometry: Definition of pH, methods of pH determination, pH meter & its standardization, measurement of potential, potentiometric titrations and apparatus, applications of pH & Potentiometry

6.Theory Of Complexometric Titrations:

Concept of complexation and chelation. Coordination Number, stability of complexes, factors affecting stability constants, Selectivity of complexometric titrations, types of EDTA titrations, Metallochromic Indicators. Mixture analysis, Pharmaceutical applications as per official books.

7.Precipitation Titrations:

Precipitation reactions, preparation of titration curve, Indicators used in precipitation titrations, (Mohr’s, Volhards Kfajans, Gaylussacs methods), Pharmaceutical applications as per official books.

8.Gravimetric Analysis:

Theory, precipitation gravimetry, solubility product,

Different types of precipitates, co-precipitation, post-precipitation, organic and in-organic precipitants. Pharmaceutical applications of gravimetric analysis.

9.Organically Bound Metals And Non-Metals:

Theory of oxygen flask combustion Technique, determination of organically bound iodine, mercury, (Non-staining iodine ointment, mersalyl. Nitrogen determination by Kjeldahl’s method. Saccharin BP procedure.

10.Statistical Techniques:

Definition of terms, mean, mode median, SD, percent CV. Statistical tests of significance, t test, F test, and Q-test, Classification of errors and means to minimize errors. Applications of all above tests to chemical data.

2.6 (T) Pharmacognosy-I

Section-I

1.General Pharmacognosy.

• History, definition and scope of pharmacognosy.

• Introduction to botanical system of classification. Banthum and Hooker, Royale, Miller, Linneus

• System of classification of crude drugs with examples.

2.Morphological And Microscopical Examination Of Crude Drugs.

• Description, morphology and microscopy of followings, Leaves, Barks, woods, Inflorescences and Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Subterranean organs.

• Cell differentiation and ergastic cell contents – the cell wall, parenchymatous tissue, Epidermis, Epidermal trichomes, stomata, endodermis, Cork tissue, chollenchyma, schleroids, fibers, xylem, phloem, secretary tissues, and ergastic cell contents

3.Principles Related To Commercial Production Of Natural Products

• Method of cultivation

• Environmental condition for production of crude drugs

• Plant growth regulators.

• Pest and pest control.

• Collection of crude drugs

• Processing and drying of crude drug, various method of drying herbs materials and demerits.

• Storage condition and preservation

• Packaging and labeling.

4.Adulteration:

Adulteration, substitution, deterioration, method of adulteration, primary and secondary factor of adulteration.

5.Quality control of crude drugs:

a)Necessity of Quality control of crude drugs

b)Evaluation of organoleptic, Microscopic features of crude drug including quantitative microscopy, i.e.

• leaf constants

• length and width of fibers

• lycopodium spore method

c)Physical evaluation parameters

d)Determination of Moisture content

• Loss on drying

• Karl Fischer method (Moisture content)

• I.R. Balance

• Toluene Distillation.

e)Extractive values

f)Ash values

g)Solubility, optical rotation, refractive index

h)Foreign organic matter

i)Crude fiber determination

j)Chemical evaluation: Preliminary phytochemical investigation of crude drug

Section-II

1.Introduction to primary and secondary metabolites

Definitions, properties and classification

2Extraction:

Introduction, basic principles, conventional methods of extraction i.e. maceration, percolation, infusion, decoction, continuous hot extraction, types of extract

3.Carbohydrates:

• Classification and general chemistry of carbohydrates.

• Starches, and modified starches including manufacturing and characterization of Maize, Wheat, Rice, Potato, Arrow root, Tamarind Kernel powder, Tapioca starch.

• Inulin: Methods of preparation and uses.

• Cellulose: Wood cellulose and different derivatives of cellulose (Methyl cellulose, Ethyl cellulose, Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl, methyl cellulose).

• Gums: Acacia, Tragacanth, sterculia gum, Ghati gum, Xanthum gum, Guar gum, locust-bean gum.

• Alginates and alginic acid

• Agar

• Carrageneenan

• Mucilage (Psyllium and Isapgol)

• Pectin

4.Natural Sweeteners:

Honey, Stevia, Abrus, Amacha (Hydrangia macrophylla)

5.Natural Fibers:

Cotton, Silk, Wool, Jute

6.Herbal Dietary Supplements:

Arnica, Chamoline, cucumber, Fenugreek, Garlic, Onion, Spinach, Beet, Carrot, Ginseng, Tomato, Spirulina, Fewerfew, Astragallus, Melissa

2.7. (T) Pharmacology-I

Section-I

(GENERAL Pharmacology)

1.Definitions, scope and general principles of pharmacology Nature and sources of drugs, drug nomenclature, Essential drug (medicine) concept

2.Detail discussion, merits and demerits of various routes of drug administration

3.Pharmacokinetics:

Biological membranes- structure, types, properties and functions of biological membranes Physicochemical factors and processes in transfer of drugs across the biological membranes Drug absorption, Bio-availability, factors affecting drug absorption and bio-availability

• Distribution, Metabolism (Biotransformation) and Excretion (Elimination) of drugs and factors affecting all these processes
• Basic concept of Clinical Pharmacokinetics especially with reference to clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, bioequivalence and extent of bioavailability
• Basic concepts and general discussion on nonlinear pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)

4.Pharmacodynamics:

• Site and Mechanisms of drug action, structure activity relationship (SAR)
• Drug Receptors- Basic discussion about receptors, classification and families of receptors, drug effects and regulation of receptors
• Quantitation of drug receptor interactions and their effects, dose response relationships and therapeutic index

5.Principles of Therapeutics:

• Individualization of drug therapy: concept of drug summation, drug synergism, drug antagonism and its types

• Adverse Drugs Reactions (ADR) and Drug Toxicity (Teratogenecity, carcinogenecity, mutagenecity), Iatrogenic Diseases

• Drug Regulation and Development

6.Gene Therapy:

• Basic discussion on Gene transfer technologies, obstacles to gene therapy, viral vectors, non-viral DNA delivery strategies

• Therapeutic Paradigms: Gene therapy for Inherited Disorders, Genetic Repair Strategies, Gene Inactivation Strategies, Ectopic Synthesis Therapeutic Proteins

• Disease Targets for Gene Therapy

7.Clinical Pharmacology:

• Drug Treatment in Pediatric, Geriatric patients

• Drug Treatment during Pregnancy and Lactation

8.Pharmacology of drugs acting on blood and blood forming organs

• Haemopoietics

• Coagulants and Anticoagulants

• Thrombolytics and Antiplatelet agents

• Drugs used in Hyperlipidemias

9.Pharmacology of Autacoids and their antagonists

Section-II

(Pathophysiology)

1.Cardiovascular System:

• Pathophysiology of Hypertension, Ischemic Heart Disease (Angina and Infarction)

• Pathophysiology of Congestive Cardiac Failure, Cardiac arrhythmias, Shock

2.Respiratory System

• Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma and Pneumonia.

• Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis

• Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease

3.Digestive System:

• Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer

• Pathophysiology of Amoebic and Bacillary Dysentery

• Pathophysiology of Hepatitis and Typhoid Fever

4.Central Nervous System:

• Pathophysiology of Epilepsy, Parkinsons and Alzeimers Disease

• Pathophysiology of Psychosis

• Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Depression

5.Urinary System:

• Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infections

• Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Renal Failure

6.Reproductive System:

• Pathophysiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Pathophysiology of AIDS

7.Endocrine System:

• Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

8.Miscellaneous:

• Pathophysiology of Malaria

• Pathophysiology of Leprosy

9.Pathophysiology of Malignancy

10.Pathophysiology of Allergy and Hypersensitivity

11.Pathophysiology of Pain and Inflammation

2.8 (T) Environmental Sciences

Unit 1: The Multi-disciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

Definition, scope and importance. Need for public awareness.

Unit 2: Ecology and Ecosystems

• Definition of ecology

• Structure and function of an ecosystem

• Producers, consumers and decomposers

• Energy flow in the ecosystem

• Ecological succession

• Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.

• Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystems:

• Forest ecosystem

• Grassland ecosystem

• Desert Ecosystem

• Aquatic ecosystem (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

Unit 3: Biodiversity and its conservation

• Introduction – Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.

• Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, and aesthetic and option values.

• Biodiversity at global, National and local levels.

• India as a mega – diversity nation.

• Hot Spots of biodiversity.

• Threats to biodiversity: habitat, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife conflicts.

• Endangered and endemic species of India.

Unit 4: Natural Resources.

Natural resources and their conservation.

a. Air Resources: Features, composition, structure, air quality management.

b. Forest Resources: Use and over/exploitation, deforestation, case studies, timber extraction, mining, dams and their effect on forests and tribal people.

c. Water Resources:

Use and over –utilization of surface and ground water, flood, drought, conflicts over water, dams –benefits and problems; water quality management: management of water resources. E.g. rivers, lakes, ground water, etc: fluorosis and arsenic problems.

d. Mineral Resource:

Draw on and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies.

e. Food Resources:

World food problems, changes caused by agricultural and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies.

f. Energy Resources:

Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of alternate energy sources, Case studies.

g. Land resources:

Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources and prevention of pollution. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles. Disaster management: Floods, earthquakes, cyclone and landslides.

Unit 5: Environmental Pollution.

• Definition

• Air pollution: Definition, causes, effects and control measures: Air Quality Management, Air Pollution Case Studies.

• Water pollution: Definition, causes, effects and control measures: case studies: Water Quality Management: Definition, causes, effects and control measures.

• Marine Pollution

• Thermal pollution.

• Soil pollution: Definition, causes and control measures: case studies

• Noise pollution.

• Nuclear hazards: Waste Management:

• Waste minimization through cleaner technologies; reuse and recycling of wastes.

• Solid waste management Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes: hazardous waste: bio medical waste.

• Role of an individual in prevention of pollution..

• Pollution case studies.

• Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides

Unit 6: Social Issues and the Environment

• From Unsustainable to Sustainable development.

• Urban problems related to energy

• Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.

• Resettlement and rehabilitation of people: its problems and concerns, Case studies.

• Environmental ethics: environmental value relationships: environmental ethics and species preservation.

• Climate change, global warming, acid, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust Case studies.

• Wasteland reclamation.

• Consumerism and waste products..

• Legislation to protect the environment.

• Environmental Protection Act..

• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.

• Wildlife Protection Act.

• Forest Conservation Act.

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Environmental Manage mental Systems (EMS): Environmental Management Systems (EIS).

• P. I.L: Public Hearing and Role of NGOs.

• SO 9000 and 14000.

• Issues involved in enforcement of environment of environmental legislation.

• Public awareness.

• Environmental Economics-environment and standard of living.

Unit 7: Human Population and the Environment

• Population growth, variation among nation.

• Population explosion-Family Welfare Programme

• Environment and human health.

• Human Rights

• Value Education.

• HIV / AIDS.

• Women and Child Welfare.

• Role of Information Technology in Environment and human health.

• Case Studies.

Unit 8: Field Work (any two of the following)

• Visit to local area to document environmental assets-river/ forest/ Grasslands/ Hill/ Mountain

• Visit to a local pollution site-Urban/ Rural/ Industrial/Agricultures/etc.

• Study of common plants, insects, birds.

• Study of simple ecosystems- pond, river, hill slopes, etc.

Unit 9: Environmental issues related to the specific discipline for Pharmacy Course.

• Maintenance of healthy environment in Pharmaceutical industry

• Disposal of wastes,

• Hospital waste, Pharmaceutical industrial waste.

• Air sampling and air handling in Pharma. Industries.

Third Year B. Pharmacy

3.1 (T) Pharmaceutics-II

Section-I

1.Concept of Formulation Design:

a) Preformulation: Introduction, General consideration, Preliminary evaluation & molecular optimization, Bulk characteristics, Solubility analysis, Stability analysis.

b) Design of Dosage Form: Principles, Dosage form design, Biopharmaceutical & Therapeutic aspects of dosage form design.

c) Study of excipients: Introduction, classification & selection criteria

2.Stability Studies:

Concept of stability studies.

a) cGMP & ICH guidelines for Accelerated stability Testing.

b) Interaction of containers & closure Compatibility Testing

3.III. Solid Dosage Forms:

A. Tablets:

Introduction, Advantages & Disadvantages, Types of tablets. Formulation development: Preformulation of drugs & additives. Introduction to tablet additives. Need of granulation. Mechanisms, Manufacturing processes and Equipments for Wet granulation and Dry granulation processes. Advanced granulation techniques – Extrusion, spheronization, Pelletization, Spherical crystallization, Fluidized bed granulation, Melt solidification & granulation. Characterization and Evaluation of granules. Mechanism, Manufacturing process and Equipments for Direct compression technique. Physics of Tablet compression. Tablet compression machines. Formulation and manufacture of Chewable tablets, Effervescent tablets, Dispersible tablets, Mouth dissolving tablets, Layered & Compression coated tablets. Manufacturing problems & remedies thereof. Packaging & labeling- strip, blister & bulk packaging. IPQC for tablets. Evaluation of tablets as per IP, BP, USP

Tablet Coating:

Introduction and concept of tablet coating. Types of tablet coating including Sugar, Film & Enteric coating. Material, processes employed & equipments for tablet coating. Manufacturing problems & remedies during tablet coating. Evaluation of coated tablets.

Layout of tablet manufacturing section. 1

B. Capsules:

a) Raw material for capsule shell: Manufacturing of gelatin for capsule. Introduction and concept of size selection of capsules. Selection criteria and size selection of capsules (with examples)

b) Hard gelatin capsules: Preparation of hard gelatin capsule shell, standards & defects there of. Formulation & development: Filling, processing & capsule filling equipments. Problems in capsule filling & remedies thereof. In process quality control & quality control parameters. Soft gelatin capsules: formulation and development, manufacturing, processing & equipment. In process quality control & quality control parameters. Packaging & labeling of capsules: Strip, Blister & Bulk Packaging.

Section- II

1.Disperse systems:

Free energy consideration, thermodynamic v/s kinetic stability. Classification of disperse system.

A) Suspensions:

Physicochemical principles. Theory of suspension: DLVO theory. Wetting, Sedimentation, Flocculated & Deflocculated system. Structured vehicle, particle size, particle charges & caking in suspensions. Importance of changes in solubility because of changes in particle size, polymorphic form, temp. Preformulation data. Formulation development, manufacturing, packaging & equipments employed for the same. Rheology of suspensions. Formulations of pharmaceutical suspensions (oral & topical),

suspending agents, wetting agents, dispersants, deflocculating & flocculating agents. Evaluation of suspensions. Quality control standards.

B) Emulsions:

Physicochemical principles. Theory of emulsification. Creaming,

coalescence, cracking, destabilization kinetics, role of viscosity,

energy barriers to coalescence. Film barriers, steric stabilization.

Emulsifier & choice of emulsifier, HLB value & phase inversion

temperature. Multiple emulsions. Evaluation of emulsion, stress

testing. Packaging of emulsions.

C) Suspension & emulsion manufacturing equipments:

Mechanical stirrers, homogenizers, colloid mill, foaming removal. 2

D) Layout and designing of manufacturing facility for suspension and emulsion.

2.Semisolids:

Properties of drugs, semisolid bases and additives, Selection of bases and additives for ointment, cream, paste and gels. Percutaneous absorption Formulation and development, manufacturing of Ointment, Cream, Paste and Gels. Processing equipments for ointment, cream, paste and gels. In

process quality control & quality control parameters, skin irritation test, packaging & labeling.

3. III ) Cosmetics & Cosmeceuticals:

A) Cosmetics:

Cosmetics v/s drug formulation. Type of cosmetics. Formulation, manufacturing & safety testing & quality control of following cosmetics. Skin products: Moisturising, cleaning, cold, vanishing, face pack, anti wrinkle, antiperspirants, deodorants, suntan,& sunscreen preparations. Hair products: Shampoos, hair tonics, hair dyes, depilatories, shaving preparations. Eye products: Eye mascara, eye shadow, eye liner, eyebrow pencil.Lip product: Lipstick. Manicure products: Nail lacquer, Lacquer remover.

B) Cosmeceuticals:

Introduction, Definition and difference from cosmetics. History of cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceutical Agents- Retinoids, hydroxyl acids, beta hydroxyl acids, Antioxidants and others. Recent developments in Cosmeceuticals.

3.2 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Section-I

1.Introduction to Biotechnology, Scope, Potential & Achievements 1

2.Genetic Engineering :

Recombinant DNA technology :-

Gene cloning :- Introduction, enzymes acting on DNA (restriction endonucleases, S1 nuclease, alkaline phosphatase, polymerase, ligase, reverse transcriptase), types of cloning vectors, expression

vectors (expression vectors in brief), transformation & growth of cells, Selection of clones ( screening methods).

Gene transfer: -

Introduction & Types (Direct & Indirect gene transfer methods) Ti & Ri plasmid mediated gene

transfer.

Genetic Engineering techniques :-

Isolation of DNA, Genomic & cDNA libraries, Gel electrophoresis, DNA Hybridization, Blotting techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Site directed mutagenesis, Restriction Fragment

Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Human Gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting. Gene synthesis & gene machine, Gene sequencing methods.

3.Plant Cell and Tissue Culture:-

• Introduction to plant cell, media & laboratory requirements for tissue culture

• Types of cultures:- Callus, suspension, meristem, root-tip, hairy root, haploid cultures, anther cultures /Pollen grains (Introduction, methodology & applications of above types)

• Protoplast culture & protoplast fusion & application Transgenic Plants introduction, Method, Application)

• Germplasm storage & cryopreservation

4. Animal Cell Culture

• Introduction, isolation of cells, preparing cells in culture, established cell lines, culture media for animals, Role of blood plasma & serum, Preparation of chicken serum, mammalian serum & embryo extract.

• Introduction to transgenic animals and their applications

Section- II

5. Immunotechnology

• Vaccines Why vaccines? How it works? Traditional vaccine approaches, Subculture and recombinant vaccines, Future directions, Edible vaccines

• Hybridoma technology, Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies and its applications

• Immunoassay by different techniques- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA), Radio Immuno Assay (RIA), Immunofluoroscence

6.Enzyme Technology

Introduction to enzyme, Immobilization of enzyme & its applications

7.Fermentation Technology

• Study of methods at sterilization details & their applications to Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

• Fermentation as a biochemical process – Fermenter, its material of construction, Accessor components and working, Down streaming Processing (Product Recovery and Processing), Fermentation discharge and Effluent treatment

• General Application of fermentation in Manufacturing of Antibiotics (penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline), Dextran, Vitamins (Vitamin B2 and Vitamin B12)

8. Healthcare Biotechnology:-

• Examples of Biotechnology derived Products: Human insulin, Somatotropin, Interferons, Biogenetic drugs (Production and uses)

• Purification Toxicity studies in establishing safety and efficacy in biotechnological Products.

• Introduction to collection, processing, and storage of blood and blood products

9.Biotechnology and Ethics :-

• Social & ethical issue in Pharmacy, Agriculture, Energy & Environment.

• Humans:-Artificial Insemination (Al), In-vitro Fertilization & embryo Transplants, Surrogate motherhood, Freezing germ cells, Human Embryos and Cloning (Facing Problems and finding solutions)

3.3 Medicinal Chemistry –I

Section- I

1.General considerations:

Structure of biological membrane, Selected physicochemical properties affecting drug action; solubility, partition coefficient, Ferguson principle, stereo chemical aspects of drug action, Bioisosterism, Drug absorption; distribution, metabolism and elimination, Protein binding, Blood brain barrier.

2 Receptors:

Types of receptors, Types of forces involved in drug receptor interaction; intracellular cyclic nucleotides and other mediators of biological response, Transduction mechanism.

3 History and general aspects of the design & development of drugs including classification, nomenclature, structure activity relationship (SAR), mechanism of action, adverse effects, therapeutic uses, and recent developments of following categories. Biochemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.

3.1Cholinergic agonists and antimuscarinic agents:

Neurotransmitters, impulse, Biosynthesis of acetylcholine, its release and metabolism.Cholinergic agonists: Receptor subtypes and their structural features, Cholinergic antagonists, cholinesterase inhibitors, Antimuscarinic agents:Ganglionic Blockers and neuromuscular blockers: Ganglionic stimulants, Ganglionic transmission, Ganglionic blockers and nicotinic receptors. Neuromuscular blockers

3.2Adrenergic agonists and antagonists:

Biosynthesis, release and metabolism of noradrenaline, Receptor subtypes and their structural features.

3.3Cardiovascular drugs

a. Cardiotonic drugs

b. Antianginal agents

c. Antiarrhythemic agents

d. Antihypertensive agents

e. Currently used Anti-lipedemic drugs

3.4Diuretic agents

Section- II

3.5 CNS Stimulant Drugs

• Analeptics and respiratory stimulants

• Hallucinogens

3.6 CNS Depressant Drugs

• General anesthetic agents

• Sedative & Hypnotic agents

• Anticonvulsants

3.7 Drugs used in Neurodegenerative diseases

• Parkinson’ s disease

• Alzheimer’ s disease

3.8 Psychotherapeutic agents

• Antipsychotic agents

• Antidepressant agents

• Anxiolytic agents

3.9 Local anesthetic agents

3.10 Anti-migraine agents

3.11 Diagnostic agents: Radio Opaque diagnostic agents, Agents for organ function test, Miscellaneous diagnostic agent.

3.12 Oral hypoglycemic drugs ( including insulin)

3.13 Prodrugs, soft drugs and hard drugs

4.Scheme of synthesis of following drugs from various therapeutic categories: Carbachol, dantrolene sodium, methyldopa, propranolol, atenelol, salbutamol, thiopental sodium, lignocaine, prazocin, guanethidine, terbutaline, captopril, amitryptiline, hydralazine, imipramine, diazepam, chlorpromazine,

haloperidol, trifluperazine, phenytoin, sodium valproic acid, losartan, alprazolam, metazepine, fluoxetine, clofibrate, sumatriptan, ondansetron, glyburide, rosiglitazone, tolbutamide, furosemide, dicyclomine hydrochloride, chlorthiazide, amiloride, donepezil

3.4 (T) Pharmaceutical Analysis-II

Section-I

1.Introduction to analytical methods, (Gravimetric methods, Titrimetric methods, Neutralization titrations and its applications, Complexometric reactions and titrations), Advantages and disadvantages of instrumental methods of analysis and respective problems, Instruments for analysis.

2 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy:

Theory, Instrumentation line broadening, Doppler effect, Flame types, different Interference and their Corrections, Pharmaceutical applications Flame Photometry: Principles, Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical applications

3.Refractometry:

Specific and molar refraction, Refractive index, Measurement of RI (angle of refraction), Instrumentation and applications.

4.Electrophoresis

Principle, Instrumentation, Various types of Developments

5.Polarography:

Introduction, Principle, Dropping Mercury Electrode and Other Mercury Electrodes, Polarogram, half wave potential, Linear Scan& Differential Pulse Polarography, applications covering nonaqueous

polarography

6.Fluorimetry and phosphorimetry:

Molecular luminescence, measurement of fluorescence, factors affecting fluorescence, quantitative aspects of fluorescence, Excitation and emission spectra. Instrumentation, advantages and disadvantages, applications, synchronous fluorescence. Spectrofluorometry Instrumentation, advantages and disadvantages, applications, optical bleachers,

7.Chromatography:

Introduction, Brief history, Chromatographic selection of method, classification. Paper Chromatography: Technique, Development, application, Different types of paper, grain direction, ascent number. Thin Layer Chromatography: Principle, preparation, Adsorbents, Activity of Adsorbents, Development of TLC, applications. Column Chromatography: Principle, Column packing, techniques, application, theory, Efficiency of column, Van Deemter Equation in detail, Capacity factor and other performance parameters. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC): Theory,

Instrumentation and Applications, Automated Multiple Development, Horizontal TLC and other development modes, Labeling of TLC, Centrifugal TLC

Section-II

8 Electromagnetic spectrum, Interaction of Electromagnetic radiation with matter, classification of analytical methods, molecular analysis, elemental analysis, selecting an analytical method, classification of instrumental methods.

9 Ultraviolet and Visible absorption spectroscopy:- origin and theory of UV spectra, Fundamental laws of absorption, Instrumentation, Single beam and double beam UV – Visible Spectrophotometer, Optimum conditions for Spectrophotometric measurements, Derivative Spectrophotometry, techniques for color comparison, Spectrophotometric titration, Applications of UVVisible spectrophotometry.

10 Coulometric Analysis: - Introduction, Coulorimetric methods, types of Coulometric analysis, Variations in Coulometric techniques, General characteristics of Coulometric techniques. Coulorimetry at controlled potential, apparatus and general techniques, applications.

11 Amperometry: - Principles, Amperometric titration apparatus, general procedure, advantages and disadvantages, applications, Biamperometric titrations and its applications. Rotating Disc, ring and similar types of electrodes

12 Thermal Analysis: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Definition, Types, Instrumentation, Principle, applications. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): Introduction, Definition, Types, Instrumentation, Principle, applications. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Introduction, Definition,

Principle Instrumentation, applications. Isothermal titration calorimetry

13 Nephelometry and Turbidometry: Introduction Principle, Instrumentation, Applications.

3.5 (T) Pharmacology

Section- I

Basic pharmacology (classification, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, adverse effects, contraindications, therapeutic uses, drug interaction, dosage, symptoms and treatment of poisoning) and Clinical Management of diseases and drugs acting on following categories:

1.Autonomic Nervous System

a) Autonomic Nervous system-General Considerations

b) Cholinergic system and drugs

c) Anti-cholinergic drugs

d) Neuromuscular blocking agents

e) Adrenergic system and drugs

f) Anti-adrenergic drugs

g) Ganglion stimulants and blockers

2.Drugs acting on Central Nervous System

a) Aliphatic alcohol

b) General anesthetics

c) Sedative and Hypnotics

d) Antiepileptic drugs

e) Anti-Parkinsonian drugs

f) Drugs used in Mental illness (Psychopharmacological drugs)- Antipsychotic, anti-anxiety, antidepressant, anti-mania drugs

g) Opioid analgesics and antagonists

h) NSAIDs

i) CNS stimulants and nootropic

j) Drug dependence

k) Introduction to Patient addiction rehabilitation Center and Principle of rehabilitation of drug addicts- Alcohol, tobacco, opioids.

Section- II

3.Drugs acting on Respiratory tract

Drugs for cough and bronchial asthma

4.Drugs acting on gastrointestinal tract

a) Drugs for peptic ulcers

b) Emetics and antiemetics

c) Drugs for constipation and diarrhea

5.Hormones and Hormones antagonists

a) Anterior and Posterior Pituitary hormones

b) Corticosteroids and corticosteroid antagonists

c) Thyroid and antithyroid drugs, parathyroid hormones, drugs regulating calcium homeostasis, Vitamine D

d) Insulin, Oral hypoglycemic agents, glucagon

e) Gonadal hormones and Oral contraceptives, antifertility agents

f) Oxytocin and drugs acting on uterus.

6.Pharmacotherapy of gout, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. 06

7.Local Anesthetics

3.6 (T) Pharmacognosy

Section- I

1.Glycosides - Introduction, definition, occurrence, properties, classification ,

uses , general biogenetic pathway. General extraction and isolation methods.

• Anthraquinones – Senna, Aloe, Rhubarb

• Cardioactive - Digitalis, Squill

• Saponins – Liquorice, dioscorea , shatavari

• Bitter- Quassia, Kalmegh, chirata

• Cynogenetic – Bitter almond

• Isothiocyanate – Black mustard

• Flavonoid –Orange peels.

• Coumarin/ furocumarin – Psoralea

• Lactone – Artemesia

2. A) Terpenoids -

Introduction, occurrence, properties, classification, chemistry, uses, general biogenetic pathway.

B) Volatile Oils –

Introduction, occurrence, properties, classification, chemistry, uses, general methods of extraction and evaluation of volatile oils. Cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lavender, caraway, dill, coriander, eucalyptus, nutmeg, fennel, clove, tulsi.

3. Lipids – introduction, occurrence, properties, classification, uses, methods of extraction, adulteration, evaluation, general biogenetic pathway. Fixed Oils- Castor oil, olive oil, Linseed oil, Seasame oil, Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil, soya oil.Fats – Cocoa butter, Kokum butter Waxes – Bees wax, Wool fat, Carnauba wax

4. General methods to study the biogenetic pathways with special reference toTracer Technique and its application in the biogenetic investigations with suitable examples.

Section- II

5. Tannins – introduction, definition, classification, properties, uses, chemical

tests and general method of extraction. Ashoka , Arjuna ,Bahera, Amala, Myrobalon ,Pale catechu , Black catechu

6. Resins and resins combinations – introduction, classification, properties, chemical composition extraction, and uses. Podophyllum, Asafoetida, Ginger, Turmeric, Capsicum, Benzoin, Colophony, Shellac, Cannabis, Guggul

7.Plant pesticides – Pyrethrum, Tobacco, Neem, Derris root.

8.Enzymes and proteins - Papain, gelatin,Bromelin,Streptokinase, Serratiopeptidase, Urokinase .

9.Drugs of mineral origin – Shilajit, Bentonite, Kaolin, Calamine, Fullers earth.

10. Extraction of Plant Material- Soxhlet extraction, Droplet-counter-current Extraction, Supercritical fluid extraction, Froth floating technique, Evaluation of herbal extract.

11. Applications of Medicinal Plant Tissue Culture in Pharmacognosy.

• Cultivation of Medicinal Plant Cells

• Production of Secondary Metabolites

• Bioconversions Using Plant Cells

• Plant Cell Immobilization

• Genetic manipulation: Mutation.Polyploidy, Hybridisation,Chemodemes, Transgenic plants ,

• Conservation of Endangered species through micropropagation.

3.7 (T) Pharmaceutical Business Management (Theory)

Section- I

1. Fundamentals of management

i) Management basic Concepts:Definition, Need for management, Function of management, Management thoughts, Contribution of Taylor, Fayol, Peter Drucker in modern management. Functions and responsibilities of a manager.

ii) Planning:

Nature and purpose of planning, important steps in planning, types of planning, planning process, advantages and limitations. Sales forecasting methods, analysis, advantages and limitations.

iii) Objectives:

Types of objectives, Importance of objective, Management by objectives, Advantages and Limitations

iv) Organizing:

Organizational structure, basic principals of organization, Departmentalization, Delegation, Decentralization, Staffing, Line & Staff organization.

v) Decision making:

Types of strategies, Policies, Definition and Importance of decision making, Decision making process

vi) Controlling:

Concepts and purpose of control techniques, Budgetary and non budgetary control, Management audit, Manage--ment information system, Break even analysis, Network techniques (PERT & CPM), Profit and loss account, Balance sheets

2.Pharmaceutical industry and operation management

i) Historical perspective of pharmaceutical industry in India, Current status and growth scenario.

ii) Operation management in Pharmaceutical Industry: Controlling of manufacturing operation, Importance and function of Q.C and Q.A.

iii) R&D in Pharma industry, Drug discovery process, Drug development process, Clinical research organization.

iv) Material management: Classification of materials, objectives and principals of purchasing, inventory control.

3. Industrial relations.

Meaning, Scope, Causes of disputes, Tribunals, Strikes, Lock outs. Labor law. Trade unions, Job satisfaction, Personal counseling. Introduction to Factories Act,1948, Trade unions Act 1926 and Industrial Disputes Act 1947.

Section- II

1. Pharmaceutical Marketing

i) Difference between marketing and selling, Channels of distribution, Wholesale, Retail, Departmental.

ii) Sales promotions, Objective, Principles & Techniques. Ethics of sales, Advertising- Needs & Methods, Merchandising, Detailing

iii) Medical representative: Role & Qualities.

iv) Marketing research:Nature & Importance

v) Product management:Product life cycle, Launching a new product, Branding, Packaging.

vi) Price: Definition, Factors affecting , procedure for determination of price, types of price.

2. Human Resource and Development

i) Motivation:Definition, concept, Theory’ s- Maslow’ s Theory, Hertzberg’ s theory, Vroom’ s theory, Expectancy theory, Reinforcement theory, Equity orsocial comparison theory X & Y.

ii) Leadership: Definition, importance, qualities of leadership, leadership styles, trait theory, managerial grid

iii) Communication: Importance, functions, communication process, forms of communication, types of communication

iv)Interview techniques:Presentation skills group discussion

v)Performance appraisal: Need and techniques, recruitment and training 2

3.International market.

Pharmaceutical export, procedure, documentation. Export, registration

authorities, regulatory agencies

 

Eligibility For B.Pharmacy

1. First Year of Bachelor of Pharmacy (F. Y. B. Pharm.):

The candidate should be an Indian National and should have passed Higher Secondary School Certificate (10+2) Examination of Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education or its equivalent examination with subjects English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology / Mathematics and secured minimum 45% marks (40% marks for Backward Class category candidates belonging to Maharashtra State only) in the subjects Physics, Chemistry and Biology / Mathematics added together at one seating. (Maximum Marks obtained in Biology or Mathematics shall be considered for purpose of addition.)

AND

Obtained non-zero score in the subjects Physics, Chemistry and Biology or Mathematics at MT CET-2013, Entrance Examination conducted by Government of Maharashtra.

OR

The Candidate should be an Indian National and should have passed Diploma in Pharmacy Examination with minimum 50 % marks from an institution approved by Government of Maharashtra or Government of other states of India / Pharmacy Council of India, New Delhi.

2. Direct Second Year Bachelor of Pharmacy (Direct S. Y. B. Pharm.) The candidate should have passed Post HSC diploma course in Pharmacy (as per ER-91 Regulations of PCI) in First Class / First Class with condonation from an institution approved by AICTE and of the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE) AND HSC or equivalent examination with Physics, Chemistry and Biology / Mathematics (or both) from Maharashtra State Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education or any other recognized examining authority Such candidates should produce equivalent certificate from MSBTE.

Classroom - Regular
When	Duration	Where	Remarks	Price
Not Specified	Not Specified	All Venues	Not Specified	Price On Request

Nashik, Trimbak Road (Head Office):- Trimbak Road, P.O.: Mahiravani, Trimbak Road, Nashik - 422213, Maharashtra, India

Sandip Foundation's Institute of Pharmaceutical Science

Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SIPS) was established as part of the vision of Sandip Foundation. Affiliated to the University of Pune and to AICTE it aims to be the best in the field of Pharmacy Practice.

SIPS offers the courses of B.Pharm and M.Pharm. These courses are designed to educate students in the principles and techniques of research through course work and supervised experience. The objective is to create young pharmacists who can use their imagination and creativity to advance the growth of clinical science in the country. The graduate and the post graduate degree programs educate candidates as:

• Scientific researchers of problems in pharmacy administration that can be solved by an understanding of the principles, concepts, and applications of the economic, management, marketing, policy, social, and behavioural sciences

• Effective teachers of potential pharmacy-oriented managers

• Effective managers of pharmacy-oriented systems and organisations

Pharmacists who have earned graduate degrees through the Department of Pharmacy at SIPS have accepted employment in academic institutions, pharmacy practice, professional and trade associations, the pharmaceutical industry, state and national government agencies, and a wide variety of management and research positions related to health service delivery programs.